This is my self-designed TOEFL teaching materials for emerging teachers, especially those who also speak Chinese / are teaching Chinese students.

阅读长难句逻辑

閱讀時，找主語，然後找其對應的動詞就可以了，不要被其他插入語和修飾詞分心

如何找句子中的逻辑关系？

转折关系（两个情况完全相反）：but, however, in contrast, on the contrary, whereas, conversely, contradict

对比关系（两个情况不相同，但不完全相反）：in comparison, on the other hand, while, at the same time, simultaneously, meanwhile

因果关系（后面是原因）：because, as, which, when, where, who（这三个词后面的内容常常用于表达某一种手段，所以可以理解为是在解释原因）

因果关系（后面是果）：so, therefore, thus, henceforth, hence, to, doing作伴随，—（破折号）, through which

并列递进关系（后者强调前者已经讲过的东西）：moreover, additionally, in addition, for example, for instance, furthermore, along the same lines, in the same vein, :（冒号）

不需要关注的词（通常是插入语，或者解释某一个概念，不太会考）：双破折号，双逗号，which is, which means, 括号

如何找作者态度？

赞成：affirm, agree, accept, be in favor of, approve 反对：refute, reject, refuse, rebut, be against, object to 中立陈述：state, argue

长难句是如何形成的？

逻辑词中有两大类，连接词（conj）和副词（adv）。其中，有连接词的句子一定是一句长句中的从句（相对来说不重要），而副词则可以引导主句（主句不一定都需要副词），主句信息内容更重要一些。

错误实例 Because of the arguments stated above, so I believe it’s true that…. （连接词多了；只有两个主谓宾，却用了两个连接词because和so） There are a lot of things to consider, for instance… （句号写成逗号） I believe this is significant. But I also think that… （逗号写成句号） If you don’t relax. You will be very tired. （两句中间应该用逗号而不是句号，因为有if这个连接词）

副词和主谓语在一起是可以单独成句的，而连接词不可以，一个连接词必须要连接两套主谓语才能成句，同理，两个连接词要连接三个主谓宾，三个连接词要连接四个主谓宾……. 总之，主谓的数量减去1，就是该句话中连接词应有的数量；连接词的数量加上1，就是该句话中主谓结构的数量。

实在分不清的话，大家查字典的时候看到conj.就是连接词，看到adv.就是副词

最后再提一句什么是主谓结构：就是名词+动词。可以是who/what+be动词，或者doing sth. +be动词，或者who/what+动词等等。注意，像can do, must do, could have done, have to do这些，虽然看上去不是单纯的动词，但都属于谓语的范畴

比如： Scientists have long believed in the ultimate rationality of the natural world, but they have been constantly challenged by philosophers, too. (but是连接词，前后两个主谓宾) However, metaphysicists disagree with the scientific claim that all the world is rational. (however是逻辑词，后带一个主谓宾就可以独立成句）

那么我们用常见词分别归类一下连接词和副词 连接词：and, or, but, because, in that, since, so, what, where, when, who, whom, whether, if, although, though, however（作“无论多么”之义），whatever, whenever, whoever, wherever, yet, whichever 副词：however（作“但是”之义），last but not least, for instance, thus, therefore, thus, nonetheless, nevertheless, hence, henceforth

连接词以及标点符号的使用： 主谓+逗号+连接词+主谓+逗号+连接词….（可以无限接下去）

不过，如果要连接几个完整的句子而中间又没有连接词的话，除了使用句号，中间还可以用分号（这几个句子是并列关系），或者冒号（两个句子中间有因果关系或者解释说明关系），或者破折号（两个句子中间有因果关系或者解释说明关系）。总之，句号、分号、冒号、破折号这四种标点符号是可以用于连接几句中间没有连接词的完整句子的。

复杂段落

In October 1920, Canadian surgeon Frederick Banting read an article that stated that the Islets of Langerhans deteriorated at a slower rate than the rest of the pancreatic cells. He hypothesized that insulin might be removed from the pancreas by isolating and separating those cells from the rest of the organ. Banting had no way to test his theory, so he turned to University of Toronto professor John Macleod. Being Convinced that the idea was worth testing, Macleod provided laboratories and recruited research student Charles Best, who specialized in testing blood glucose levels. They restricted the pancreatic duct in a dog in a way that allowed the islets to remain healthy, and extracted insulin from the cells. They injected the extract into a dog with no pancreas, and its blood sugar levels were reduced.”

Q. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted (bolded) sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

(A) John Macleod did not think that Banting’s idea had merit, so he only provided him with work space and a research student.

(B) Macleod thought that Banting might be correct, so he agreed to work with him and brought in a student who was skilled at blood testing.

(C) Banting’s hypothesis impressed Macleod, who decided to test the idea himself with a student and excluded Banting from the study.

(D) Certain that he was correct, Banting rented research laboratories from the University of Toronto, which provided John Macleod and Charles Best to assist him.

“Vincent van Gogh’s Starry Night is often interpreted as a reflection of his emotional turmoil, with swirling patterns representing his inner struggles and bold colors conveying intense feelings.”

• A) Starry Night is a famous painting with swirling patterns and bright colors.
• B) Many believe Starry Night represents van Gogh’s emotional struggles through its patterns and colors.
• C) The swirling patterns and bold colors create a strong artistic impression.
• D) Vincent van Gogh used unique techniques to depict the night sky.

写作表达

修改下列句子：语法错误、用词表达、简洁度

1. I think students learn better in groups. It’s better because they can help each other.
   1. From my perspective, I believe that students perform more effectively in groups because they can help each other.
2. I think that using public transportation is good because it helps the environment and also saves money.
   1. I think that using public transportation is beneficial because it helps protect the environment and it is cost-effective.
3. People use cars a lot, so the air is bad.
   1. People often use cars as transportation, leading to air pollution.（能不用be动词就不用）
4. The guy didn’t study, that’s why he failed.
5. I like learning new languages. For example, I studied Spanish.
6. We need to take action. This shows how serious the problem is.
7. A lot of people want to live in cities.
8. In the end, I think online classes are okay.

修改句子：

1. The guy didn’t study, that’s why he failed.
   1. The guy failed the exam because he didn’t pay enough efforts into studying.
   2. Having devoted meager（少量的，贫瘠的） efforts into studying, the guy failed the exam.
2. I like learning new languages. For example, I studied Spanish.
   1. I enjoy learning new languages. For instance, I studied Spanish.
   2. I revel（沉醉于） in learning new languages, such as Spanish.
   3. I find joy in learning new languages…
3. We need to take action. This shows how serious the problem is.
   1. This demonstrates the seriousness of the problem, so we need to take action.
   2. This fact demonstrates the scale（规模）of the issue, prompting（促使） us to take action.
4. A lot of people want to live in cities.
   1. swarm（大量涌入的人），numerous, various（多种多样的，各样的）
   2. A significant number of people desire to live in cities / aspire to live in cities.
   3. aim v. 目标 aim to do… ambitious adj. 有野心的
5. In the end, I think online classes are okay.
   1. Ultimately, I embrace the idea of taking online classes.

伴随类型：

• 主语相同

原句：I enjoy eating desserts, and I hate doing exercise.

可以看到这边两个半句的主语都是I，那我们可以把其中一个I省略掉，省略掉主语的半句要把谓语动词改成ing形式。

伴随句：Enjoying eating desserts, I hate doing exercise. （保留的主语是你想强调的部分/主句）或Hating doing exercise, I enjoy eating desserts. 一般来说，省略主语的那半句话都是相对来说没有那么重要的，保留主谓结构的半句话在内容上相对更重要一点。

• 谓语相同

原句：Alice is a student, and she is a club leader.

可以看到这两个半句的谓语都是is，那我们可以把其中一个is省略掉，注意保留的半句主语一定要写Alice而不是she，因为主语只出现一次，不清晰地指出具体是哪个人，而只用代词的话，会产生误解。

伴随句：(Being) A student, Alice is a club leader.或A club leader, Alice is a student.

直接用and表示并列或用do类东西（形式动词）取代第二个动词，不用伴随：

原句：I eat lunch every day, and I eat dinner every day.

改后：I eat lunch and dinner every day.

原句：I have a passion for physics, and she has a passion for English.

改后：I have a passion for physics, and she does for English / so does she.

• 宾语相同

原句：I like her, and he likes her, too.

这边，我们看到宾语her是一样的，所以后半句的宾语可以省略。

改后：I like her, and he likes, too.

不过这边我们可以发现，两个半句的谓语like也是相同的，所以可以把后半句的like用助动词代替，改为：

I like her, and he does, too.

遵循主语接动词+连接词+主语接动词的结构，句子可以无限延长下去（但最好不要超过一行半）

连接词：and, or, but, because, in that, since, so, what, where, when, who, whom, whether, if, although, though, however（作“无论多么”之义），whatever, whenever, whoever, wherever, yet, whichever, that, why 副词：however（作“然而”之义），last but not least, for instance, thus, therefore, thus, nonetheless, nevertheless, hence, henceforth

从句类型：

• 定语从句，就是从句修饰主句中宾语的一种从句。有两种形式，一种是限制性定语从句，即只修饰定语从句引导词(which, that, in which, when, of which, who, whose, whom等) 前的那个词/词组，第二种是非限制性定语从句，即修饰整个主句的内容，这种句子在定语从句引导词之前一定要加逗号。接下来我来举个例子。 其中连接词which或that表示因果关系，后面是原因，表示主句宾语是从哪里来的/为什么要提到 限制性定语从句： I have a very beautiful doll that is given by my mum. （“我妈妈给我的”只修饰洋娃娃，不修饰“我有一只非常漂亮的洋娃娃“这件事，所以that前面不可以加逗号，是限制性定语从句） 非限制性定语从句： I like playing basketball, which makes me healthy. （让我变得健康是“打篮球”这整件事，也就是整个主句，给我带来的东西，不是单单“篮球”给我带来的，所以要用非限制性定语从句，注意which前面要加逗号，如果不加逗号的话，就变成限制性定语从句了，会变成说“篮球”让我变得健康，这显然是不现实的。）
• 主语从句，即句子主语是一个从句 e.g. What he said is true. 在综合写作中可以经常使用，一般用于主语太长且前文已经提到主语topic是什么的时候，第二句话可以用主语从句指代 常见实用：Why the argument stands is the main focus of the passage. What the author maintains is considered questionable by the professor. 但是总体来说尽量不要用主语从句，因为会导致你使用很多被动语态或be动词
• 同位语从句 关键词：the fact that…. the argument that… it is considered that… it is important that… it can be interpreted that… 也就是我们常说的形式主语作主语，在综合写作中非常常见 e.g. The fact that temperatures are becoming more volatile is a harsh reminder of the progressing climate change we are experiencing. 同位：the fact that… it is considered that… = 它们后面的那句话
• 宾语从句 主句中没有宾语（即动词没有作用在任何物件上），而是用that解释了宾语 I think that…. (that后面是在想的东西） 这里的that表示的是因果关系，后面是结果（即动词导致的结果）

从句练习（注意一些用词问题也需要修改）：

1. Despite (although後面可以直接加句子，despite後面一定要先加that）the fact that the city built more highways because more people began to drive their own cars, traffic congestion did not improve.

• The city built more highways.
• Traffic congestion did not improve.
• More people began to drive their own cars.

1. Although online learning is convenient, some students feel isolated, missing face-to-face interaction

• Online learning is convenient.
• Some students feel isolated.
• They miss face-to-face interaction.

1. The scientists published their results after conducting an experiment and collecting data for two months.

Having conducted an experiment and collected data for two months….

• The scientists conducted an experiment.
• They collected data for two months.
• Then they published their results.

1. Cities face many problems, one of which is air pollution while the other is affordable housing.

• Cities face many problems.
• One problem is air pollution.
• Another problem is affordable housing.

1. He wanted to get into a good university and hoped to make his parents proud, so he studied hard.

Hoping to get into a coveted / prestigious / well-known / excelling / excellent university and making his parents proud, he studied hard / he devoted a significant amount of efforts into studying.

• He studied hard.
• He wanted to get into a good university.
• He also hoped to make his parents proud.